Review
Yeast TwoHybrid Systems,
Their Applications and Beyond
Received: 20000110; Revised:20000305
Hua Shaobing(华绍炳) Yu Naixuan(于乃绚)
CALYDON INC, CA 940891100, USA
Abstract Yeast twohybrid systems have contributed ver y significantly to the unraveling of molecular regulatory networks by facilitati ng the discovery of proteinprotein, proteinDNA, proteinRNA and proteinsm all molecule interactions. In this article, we describe the twohybrid technolo gy, mainly based on the Gal4based system, and its applications and limitations . We also introduce several variations of the twohybrid systems, i.e. onehyb rid, threehybrid and reverse twohybrid systems for different applications. F inally, the Sos recruitment system (SRS) is presented. Judging from the robust s uccess in other fields, application of yeast twohybrid systems and their varia tions to marine molecular biology will promise to have significant discoveries.
Key Words Yeast; onehybrid system; twohybrid system ; threehybrid system; SRS
酵母双杂交系统的应用及发展前景
华绍炳，男, 1964年1月出生, 博士，研究员。
华绍炳 于乃绚
(美国CALYDON公司，CA 940891100)
摘 要 酵母双杂交系统有利于检测蛋白质与蛋白质、蛋白质与DNA 、蛋白质与RNA和蛋白质与小分子之间的相互作用，因而对分子调控体系的研究起巨大的反 作用。文中系叙述了基于Ga14系统的双杂交技术的应用及其局限性，还介绍了单杂交系统、 双杂交系统、三杂交系统以及Sos恢复系统(SRS)。与其它领域一样，酵母双杂交系统将会在 海洋分子生物学研究中取得成功。
关键词 酵母；单杂交系统；双杂交系统；三杂交系统；Sos 恢 复系统(SRS)
中图法分类号 Q178.53; Q7 文章编号 1 0011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)000112
BT1]建立螺旋藻转基因体系初报国家高技术研究发展计划项目（819 0610）和曾呈奎海洋科学基金资助收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：200003 05茅云翔，男，1967年3月出生，博士生。
茅云翔 王高歌 张宝红 杨官品 隋正红 张学成
（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003）
摘 要 从钝顶螺旋藻单细胞克隆的制备、重组平台的 克隆、同源重组表达质粒的构建、质粒的电激转化和报告基因的表达等方面对螺旋藻转基因 表达系统进行了研究，初步建立起螺旋藻转基因体系。用次氯酸钠溶液处理获得无菌培养系 ；用钠、钙离子混合液处理，获得了可再生的螺旋藻单细胞。用含EDTA的培养基预培养和用 培养基洗涤可分别去除胞外核酸酶活性和抑制胞内核酸酶活性。以氯霉素乙酰转移酶基因替 换大肠杆菌表达质粒pBV220的抗性选择标记，同时插入系列同源重组片段和萤火虫荧光素酶 基因，构建了同源重组表达载体pBVCS0104L。电激转化螺旋藻S64品系单 细胞，获得了具有稳定氯霉素抗性的培养系，并用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实了报告基 因的表达。
关键词 螺旋藻；重组质粒；同源重组；表达
中图法分类号 Q812
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)001306
A Preliminary Report on Transgenic Expression System for Spirulina platensis
Mao Yunxiang Wang Gaoge Zhang Baohong
Yang Guanpin Sui Zhenghong Zhang Xuecheng
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean Univeristy of Qingda o, Qingdao, 266003)
Abstract The transgenic expression system for Spirulina plat ensis was conducted, including the preparation of axenic singlecells, the co nstruction and tramsformation of homologous recombinant plasmid and the expressi on of reporter genes. Axenic singlecells with regeneration capacity of the alg a were obtained by treating with 0.4% sodium hypochloride for 5min and an ion mi xture of sodium and calcium at the concentration of 500mM, pH7.5. The external n uclease activity was eliminated by washing with medium and the internal nuclease activity was inhibited by EDTA treatment.
The pBV220 was chosen as the starting plasmid and then plasmid pBVC was constr ucted by replacing the Ampr gene on the starting plasmid with the Cat gene on the plasmid pIJ4813. Four random homologous recombinant fragments (Spr01 04) cloned by PCR were inserted into plasmid pBVC respectively, producing fo ur homologous recombinant plasmids pBVCS0104. Finally firefly luciferase gene was inserted into pBVCS0104, producing the homologous recombinant expression plasmids pBVCS0104L, which have inherited cIts857, PRPL, rrmBT1T2, Cat, Spr and luc+. The cells of S. platensis strain S64 were transformed with four homologous recombinant expression plasmid pBVCS0104L by electroporation and then spread on selective Zarrouk medi um after vigor restoring for 4 days in liquid medium without chloromycetin. Clon es with chlorlmycetin resistance were obtained after cultivation at 25℃ for 30 days. Chloromycetin resistance was performed over 20 following generations. The transformants were verified by SDSPAGE electrophoresis showing the band of luc iferase.
Key Words Spirulina platensis；recombinant plasmid；homolo gous recombination；expression
TYLCVCHI侵染诱导的抗病毒GFP标记的载体构建收稿日期：2000 0110；修订日期：20000308
陈 刚，男，1972年9月出生，硕士。陈 刚 王怀宇1 刘玉乐1 徐怀恕
(青岛海洋大学，青岛，266003)
(1中国科学院微生物研究所，北京，100080)
摘 要 以CTAB法提取含有番茄黄化曲叶病毒TYLCVCHI病原的烟草曲 叶病烟草DNA为模板，扩增该病毒外壳蛋白启动子序列，克隆到pGEM7Z载体上，在启动子下 游连接上能表达毒素蛋白的RNase基因和终止子NOS，最终将构建的基因转移到带有绿色荧光 蛋白GFP的植物表达载体上，构建了通过病毒侵染后激发病毒外壳蛋白启动子从而表达毒素 基因，产生毒素杀死病毒防止感染继续扩散的自我保护机制的基因工程植物表达载体。
关键词 中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCVCHI)；绿色莹光蛋白；外壳蛋 白启动子；毒素基因；CTAB法
中图法分类号 Q393.4+⑦ 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)001906
Construction GFP Marked Antivirus Gene
Infected and Induced by TYLCVCHI
Chen Gang Wang Huaiyu1 Liu Yule1 Xu Huaishu
(Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003)
(1Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Beijing, 100080)
Abstract The total DNA is extracted by CATB from tobacco leaves of Tobacco Leaf Curl Disease which was inducted by TYLCVCHI, amplify the viru s' coat protein promoter and clone it on Pgem 72 vector. Then connect the RN ase gene which can express toxin protein and terminator NOS on the promoter,at l ast translate the constucted gene on plant express vector marked with GFP.The pr omoter will express toxin gene when virus infected tobacco,then it can generate toxin to kill virus to prevent the infection from diffusion.
Key words TYLCVCHI; GFP; coat protein promotor; toxin gene; C TAB method
综 述
分子标记技术及其在育种中的应用
国家海洋“863”项目“海洋动物分子标记选种”（8638190407） 国家重点基础研究发展规划“973”项目“海水重要养殖生物病害发生和抗病力的基础研究 ”(G1999012009)资助
收稿日期：20000110；20000305
潘 洁，女，1974年12月出生，硕士生。**联系人
潘 洁 包振民** 万俊芬 李 祯 李 冰
（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003）
摘 要 九十年代后发展起来的分子标记技术因其所具有的 高效性和可靠性而得到广泛应用，也为动植物育种工作提供了新的研究手段。它可用于标记 辅助选择、品种鉴定、亲本选择等。分子标记辅助育种可以加速育种工作的发展，缩短育种 进程。目前，分子标记辅助育种在农作物如水稻、小麦、玉米，猪、牛、羊、鸡等家畜家禽 育种中已得到比较广泛的应用，积累了大量经验。综述近年来国内外分子标记辅助育种的研 究进展，并对海洋动物分子标记辅助育种工作的开展进行了初步探讨。
关键词 海洋动物；分子标记；遗传育种
中图法分类号 Q178.53；Q341 文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)002507
The Molecular Marking Technique and Its Application to Breeding
Pan Jie Bao Zhenmin Wan Junfen Li Zhen Li Bing
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingda o,266003)
Abstract Molecular marking technique is widely used in many r esearch fields from the nineties due to its reliability and efficiency. New meth ods were provided to breeding research fields, such as markerassisted selectio n, breed identification and parental breeds selection. The effective combination of the molecular marking technique and traditional breeding technique will acce lerate the selective breeding: shorten the periods and improve the reliabilities . Up to now, markerassisted breeding technique has been widely used in farm pr oducts such as rice, wheat, crop, pig, cow, sheep and poultry. In this paper, th e application of several molecular markerassisted breeding methods are summari zed and the development of this technique in breeding is reviewed, especially, t he present and prospect of its application in marine organisms is discussed. We expect this paper will be helpful for molecular markerassisted breeding in mar ine organisms.
Key words marine organisms; molecular marker; genetic breedi ng
专题评述
海洋微藻的大容量培养与生物活性物质开发技术
浙江省自然科学基金课题(398011)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
宁修仁, 男, 1941年出生, 研究员。
宁修仁 胡锡钢 蔡昱明 史君贤
(国家海洋局第二海洋研究所，杭州，310012)
摘 要 论述海洋微藻的用途，开发利用现状，大 容量培养和生物活性物质提取的生物技术，并指出了开发利用的广阔前景。
关键词 微藻；生物活性物质；开发利用；大容量培养
中图法分类号 Q178.53； 文章编号 1001 1862(2000)02(Ⅱ)003207
A Review on Biotechnology in Mass Culture of Microalgae
and the Development of the Bioactive Molecules
Ning Xiuren Hu Xigang Cai Yuming Shi Junxian
(SOA, Second Institute of Oceanography, Hangzhou, 310012)
Abstract The usage, status of the development of microalgae and the biotechnology in mass culture and the extraction of bioactive molecules contained in microalgae are reviewed in this paper.
Key words microalgae; bioactive molecules; development and ut ilization; mass culture
胶州湾北部软底大型底栖动物
丰度和生物量的研究国家自然科学基金项目(497901001；39770145 ) 、 国家教委“九五”重大项目预研究及高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(97042306 )联合资 助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
于子山, 1963年5月出生, 硕士, 副教授。
于子山 张志南 王诗红
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
摘 要 1995年3～11月对胶州湾北部软底海域进行了 两月一次的大型底栖动物调查。调查期间，大型底栖动物总平均丰度和总平均生物量分别为 1891.3 inds./m2和41.9 g·w·w/m2。与该海域有关大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的历史 资料相比较，本研究所得到的大型底栖动物丰度值显著增加，生物量值则有较明显的下降， 初步分析了发生这些变化主要原因。丰度和生物量比较曲线表明，所研究海域底栖生物群落 处于中等干扰(即污染的影响 )状态。
关键词 胶州湾；大型底栖动物；丰度；生物量
中图法分类号 Q958.885.3 文章编号 100118 62(2000)02(Ⅱ)003906
Study on the Abundance and Biomass of
Macrobenthos in the Muddy Bottom in the Northern Part
of Jiaozhou Bay
Yu Zishan Zhang Zhinan Wang Shihong
(College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qi ngdao, 266003)
Abstract The muddy bottom macrobenthos in the northern part of Ji aozhou Bay was investigated from March to November 1995 bimonthly. The total me an abundance and biomass are 1891.3 inds./m2 and 41.9 g·w·w/m2. Compared w ith the data published in this area on the abundance and biomass of macrobenthos , there is an increase in the present abundance and a remarkable decrease in the biomass. The comparison curves of the abundance and biomass indicate that the m acrobenthic community in this area has been disturbed (i. e. effected by polluti on) moderately.
Key words Jiao Zhou Bay; macrobenthos; abundance; biomass
胶州湾北部水域
叶绿素a含量和初级生产力
国家自然科学基金项目(497901001，397701451)，国家教委重大项 目“海洋生态动力学预研究和学位博士点专项科研基金(97042306)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
柴心玉，男，1938年10月出生，教授。
柴心玉 张志南 孙 军
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
摘 要 据1995年3月至11月胶州湾北部水域内调查资料 ，分析叶绿素a含量和初级生产力的分布，月变化和日变化以及同环境因子的关系。叶绿 素a含量的月变幅为1．194～10．715mg/m3，平均值为3.386mg/m3。初级生产力月变 幅为68.85～1417.41mg·C/m2·d，平均值为353.01mg·C/m2·d。叶绿素a含量和初 级生产力均以8月＞9月＞5月＞3月＞11月。
关键词 叶绿素a；初级生产力；胶州湾
中图法分类号 X1711
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)004508
Concentration of Chlorophylla and Primary Productivity
in the Northern Part of Jiaozhou Bay
Chai Xinyu Zhang zhinan Sun Jun
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Oecan University of Qingdao, Qing dao, 266003)
Abstract The horizontal distribution, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of Chla and primary productivity,and its correlation with the env ironmental factors in the northern area of Jiaozhou Bay are reported based on t he bimonthly data from March to November in 1995. The Chla concentration rang es from l.194 to 10.715mg/m3 with an average of 3.386mg/m3,and primary produ ctivity from 68.85 to 1 417.41mgC/m2. d with an average of 353.01 mgC/m2. d. The highest and higher concentrations of Chla are in August and September resp ectively.The lowest value is in November. Discussion based on comparison with so me other areas is made.
Key words chlorophylla; primary productivity; Jiaozhou Ba y
海水贝类养殖对生态系统的影响国家自然科学基金课题(39670580)和欧 盟项目(ERB IC18CT980291)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修计日期：20000305
朱明远，男，1943年8月出生，研究员，博导。
朱明远 张学雷 李瑞香 陈 尚
（国家海洋局海洋环境与数值模拟重点实验室，第一海洋研究所 ，青岛,266003）
摘 要 海水贝类养殖在迅速发展的同时 ，也对海洋生态系统产生了影响。这些影响包括由于贝类大量摄食而导致的浮游植物生物量 下降、种类组成改变，以及有机物质和营养盐的截留和再循环从而影响生物地球化学循环， 筏式养殖的“岛屿”效应而引起的水动力的改变。
关键词 海水养殖; 贝类; 生态系统
中图法分类号 S944.3；Q958.12
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)005305
Impacts of Shellfish Culture on the Coastal Ecosystem
Zhu Mingyuan Zhang Xuelei Li Ruixiang Chen Shang
(Key Lab. for Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling,
First Institute of Oceanography,SOA, Qingdao，266003)
Abstract Shellfish culture has been growing rapidly during th e last decades in China. The expansion of mariculture poses impacts on the ecosy stem. Potential impacts include reduction of phytoplankton biomass and change of its structure due to the grazing by the shellfish, impacted recycling of materi al and nutrients that facilitate the geobiological cycling, and changes of wat er current movement resulted from the semipermeation‘Island’effects of the s uspended culture.
Key words mariculture；shellfish；ecosystem
胶州湾北部浮游动物的生物量和生产力
国家自然科学基金项目(497901001；39770145)和国家教委“九五”重大项目预研究 及高等学校博士学科专项科研基金(97042306)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000220
刘光兴, 男, 1964年1月出生, 硕士, 副教授。
刘光兴 张志南
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院, 青岛，266003)
摘 要 结合海洋生态系统动力学研究，以碳为基本 单位研究了胶州湾北部浮游动物的生物量和生产力的季节变化和平面分布及其周转率等。浮 游动物生物量的变化范围为8.73 ~ 24.05 mgC/m3；生产力的变化范围为0.26 ~ 1.09 mgC /m3·d。二者具有显著的季节变化。 其平面分布表现为不均匀性。海水中Chl a的含量、 初级生产力及盐度等是影响浮游动物生物量和生产力的主要因素。该水域浮游动物的周转率 平均为0.047(0.019 ~ 0.13)，其变化与水温呈显著正相关，与浮游动物平均个体干重呈负 相关。
关键词 浮游动物；生物量；生产力；胶州湾
中图法分类号 Q179.1；Q958.1*
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)005807
The Zooplankton Biomass and Productivity in
Northern Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China
Liu Guangxing Zhang Zhinan
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 26 6003)
Abstract The seasonal variation, horizontal distribution and turnover rate of the zooplankton in northern Jiaozhou Bay (Qingdao, China) were studied over the period March 1995 to January 1996. The sampling scheme included bimonthly hauls from the bottom to the surface of the water by using a plankt on net (0.5m diameter, 505 μm mesh size) at eight stations. The zooplankton bio mass varied from 8.73 mgC/m3 to 24.05 mgC/m3, and the zooplankton productivi ty fluctuated between 0.26 mgC/m3.d and 1.09 mgC/m3.d. Both of them had significant seasonal variations. Among the factors that influenced the fluctuati ons of zooplankton biomass and productivity, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton pro ductivity and salinity played an important role. There was remarkably positive c orrelation between the turnover rate of zooplankton and the temperature, and the re was significantly negative correlation between it and zooplankton dry weight.
Key words zooplankton; biomass; productivity; Jiaozhou Bay
研究简报
青岛市沿岸潮间带海水营养状况与
底栖海藻种类组成的研究
国家“九五” 攻关项目(969220202)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000308
董树刚，男，1963年1月出生，副教授。
董树刚 吴以平 李岿然 付成秋 张莉红 曹 阳
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院 ，青岛 266003)
摘 要 对青岛市沿岸旅游区潮间带海水的营养状况和底栖 海藻的种类组成和生物量进行了调查。结果表明，青岛沿岸潮间带海水无机氮、磷的含量较 高，呈富营养状态。调查海区共发现底栖海藻51种,其中有红藻30种、褐藻11种和绿藻10种 。
关键词 海水富营养化；底栖海藻；种类组成；生物量; 青岛市
中图法分类号 P76；X17 文章编号 10011 862(2000)02(Ⅱ)006506
Study on the Nutrient State of Sea Water and
the Benthic Algae in the Littoral of Qingdao Coast
Dong Shugang Wu Yiping Li Kuiran Fu Chengqiou Zhang Lihong Cao Ya ng
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qi ngdao, 266003)
Abstract The nutritional condition of sea water and the compo sition and biomass of benthic algae in the littoral of Qingdao coast were studie d in May and December, 1998. The results of the investigation show that the seaw ater in the tideland is seriously polluted by IN and IP. The seawater in the tid eland is in the eutrophic state. In the survey areas, 51 species of benthic alga e are found and they are identified as: 30 species of Rhodophyta,11 species of P haeophyta and 10 species of Chlorophyta.
Key words eutrophication of seawater; benthic algae; species comp osition; biomass; City of Qingdao
技术报告
青岛沿海潮间带海水、沉积物
和生物体内铜含量研究国家“九五”科技攻关课题(969220202)资助 收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
余宗莲，女，1962年11月出生，硕士，副教授。
佘宗莲 董树刚 吴以平
（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003）
摘 要 1988年5月在青岛沿海潮间带采集了海水、沉积物、海 藻和一些常见的底栖动物样品，用原子吸收分光光度法测定Cu含量。结果表明：海水中Cu含 量低于一类海水标准，说明该海域海水Cu污染不明显；与国内外一些海域比较，沉积物Cu含 量较低；海藻中海头红、鸭毛藻和异管藻Cu含量较高，Cu含量较低的是石花菜、裙带菜和海 膜；底栖动物Cu含量排序为：贻贝>褶牡蛎>短滨螺。底栖动物对Cu的富集能力远大于海藻， 两者富集系数相差近10倍。
关键词 潮间带；青岛；铜；海藻；底栖动物
中图法分类号 X17 文章编号 10011862(2000)02( Ⅱ)007109
A Study on the Heavy Metal Cu in the Seawater, Sediment a nd
Organisms in the Intertidal Zone, Qingdao
She Zonglian Dong Shugang Wu Yiping
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qi ngdao,266003)
Abstract In this study, the concentrations of Cu were determined in the seawater, sediment, seaweeds and some common benthic animals in the interti dal zone, Qingdao. The results show that the concentrations of Cu in the sea wat er were lower than the value set for seawater Grade I in China. Compared with s ome other coastal waters, the Cu concentrations in the sediments of Qingdao coas t were lower. Among the seaweeds, the concentrations of Cu in the Plocamium te lfairiae, Symphyocladia Iatiuscula and Heterosiphonia japonica Yendo w ere higher,and the concentrations of Cu in the Gelidium amansii Lamx, Undaria pinnatifida and Halymenia sinensis were lower.The increases of the concent rations of Cu in the benthic animals were as follows: Mytilus edulis Linnaeus> Crassostrea cf. Plicatula Gmelin> Littorina brevicula. The enrichment capabil ity of Cu in the benthic animals were much higher than in the seaweeds. The rela tive enrichment factor (REF) of the benthic animals were almost 10 times of the REF of the seaweeds.
Key words the intertidal zone; Qingdao; Cu; seaweeds; benthic anima ls
中国古代海洋动物史研究收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：200003 05杨德渐，男，1937年5月出生，教授。
杨德渐 陈万青
(青岛海洋大学，青岛，266003)
摘 要 我国古代海洋动物史分为先秦、秦汉魏晋、隋唐至 明清等三个时期。论述了各历史时期海洋动物的研究成就，包括对海洋动物的种类记述、命 名缘起、归类沿革、生态习性、开发利用和资源保护等。综述并评价了各历史时期，对我国 海洋动物研究有贡献的人物及其论著。
关键词 中国；古代；海洋动物史
中图法分类号 Q951+.2
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)008007
Research on Marine Animals in Ancient China
Yang Dejian Chen Wanqing
(Ocean University of Qingdao,Qingdao,266003)
Abstract In this article,the ancient Chinese history in marine an imal research is divided into three periods: preQin, QinHanWeiJin dynast y, and SuiTang till MingQing dynasty. The article expounds the results of re search on marine animals that have been done by people in the country,including the recording of the specimens, evolution of naming, classification, habit of ma rine animals, development and resource protection etc. The article introduces th e outstanding scientists who made contributions to the marine animal research in different history periods and their representative works. The article also expl ains the characters of researches of marine animals in different stage.
Key words China; ancient times; marine animal history
研究简报
我国海洋生物开发产业若干经济技术问题探讨
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
郑培迎，男，1940年11月出生，研究员。
郑培迎(山东海洋经济研究中心，青岛，2 66071)
摘 要 海洋生物开发产业是目前我国海洋经济的支柱产 业，但开发技术水平较低。加快海洋生物种质改良、病害防治、海洋药物生产等创新技术开 发是促进该产业持续发展的关键。
关键词 海洋生物产业；技术；创新
中图法分类号 P745*
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)008705
Several Economical and Technological Problems in
National Marine Biological Industry
Zheng Peiying
(Shandong Marine Economical Institute,Qingdao, 266071)
Abstract Maring biological industry is one of the key industries in our national marine economy,but a critical problem is that it is still at a l ow technological level.Speeding up the strain improvement of marine organisms,di sease prevention and treatment,and creation and application of new techniques to marine medicine production is most important in sustainable development in mari ne economy.
Key words marine biological industry; technology; creation
综 述
我国五十年来海洋动物发育与繁殖生物学的研究进展
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000308
张志峰，女，1964年1月出生，博士，副教授。
张志峰 廖承义
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
摘 要 我国在海洋动物发育与繁殖生 物学方面的研究是随着国民经济的迅速发展而起步的，并且在某些方面已取得了举世瞩目的 成就。作者着重对我国近50年来，海洋经济动物的发育和繁殖生物学研究作一综述。
关键词 海洋动物；发育生物学；繁殖生物学；中国
中图法分类号 Q178.53
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)009207
Advanced in the Developmental and Reproductive
Biology of Marine Animal during the Past 50 Years in China
Zhang Zhifeng Liao Chengyi
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qi ngdao, 266003)
Abstract This paper reviews the achievements in developmental and reproductive biology of marine economic animals since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The first achievements are the studies of embryo nic development of amphioxus by professor Tong Dizhou (the famous experimental e mbryologist in China) and his collaborat ors in the 1950's to 1990's. The second ones are the studies on the development, habits and characteristics of shipworm s, as well as reproduction in advance and raising seedlings indoor by professor Wu Shangqin (the famous embryologist of marine animal in China) and her collabor ators at the end of 1950's to the beginning of the 1960's. In the 1960's, Zhao F azhen (academician of Academy of Sciences in China) and his collaborators resear ched larval development and artificial seedling of Penaeus chinensis. In fis h, the main studies were focused on embryonic development, ultrastructure of spe rm in a variety of fish. In crustacea, the main researches were centralized in l ife history, reproductive habits and characteristics, genesis of germ cells and impregnation biology in economic prawn, crab and atemia. The life history, devel opmentl of gonad, genesis and ultrastructure of germ cells were studied of some economic seashells.
Key words marine animal; developmental and reproductive biolo gy; China
综 述
世界养殖海水鱼类的病毒病
国家863高技术研究发展计划项目资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
孙修勤，女，1944年2月出生，博士，研究员。
孙修勤
(国家海洋局第一海洋研究所，青岛，266003)
摘 要 综述了中国台湾地区及世界其他主 要海水养殖国家和地区的养殖鱼类病毒性疾病的流行情况、防治方法、病原特征、宿主范围 和组织病理学特征，目的在于让养殖者了解鱼类病毒病已在世界范围内频发，希望能引起各 方面的重视。
关键词 海水养殖；病毒病；鱼类
中图法分类号 S941. 41
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)009906
A Summary of Maricultured Viral Diseases in the World
Sun Xiuqin
(First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Qingdao,266003)
Abstract This paper summarizes the conditions of maricultural vi rus diseases in Taiwan Province of China and other important aquacultural countr ies and regions in the world.It presents a relatively detailed description of th e epidemic condition, of viral diseases of fishes,method of their prevention,con trol and treatment; the characteristic of pathogens;variation of hosts;and the h istopathological features.It aims to make the culturist realize that viral disea ses have broken out frequently in the world, and pay more attention to it.
Key words mariculture; viral disease; fishes
养殖牙鲆淋巴囊肿病的电镜观察
国家863高技术研究发展计划项目(819Z06)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000308
曲凌云，女，1975年12月出生，硕士生。
曲凌云 孙修勤 张进兴
(国家海洋局第一海洋研究所，青岛，266003)
摘 要 对养殖牙鲆中发生的似淋巴囊肿病进行了细 胞的电镜超微结构观察。结果指出，在囊肿细胞内有大量形态一致、大小为260～270nm的典 型虹彩病毒。因病毒的形态和大小与国外报道的淋巴囊肿病毒相同，故研究从电镜学的角度 确认供试牙鲆所患疾病是淋巴囊肿病(Lymphocystis disease,LD)，该病毒为虹彩病毒科的 淋巴囊肿病毒(Lymphocystis disease virus,LDV)。该项工作系国内首次全面报道了病鱼主 要组织细胞的电镜观察结果，发现LD病毒存在于囊肿、心脏、头肾、脾脏、肠和鳃中。
关键词 淋巴囊肿病毒；养殖牙鲆；电镜观察
中图法分类号 S941；Q63
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)010506
Electron Ultramicroscopic Observation on Lymphocystis Disease
of the Lefteyed Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Qu Lingyun Sun Xiuqin Zhang Jinxing
(First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Qingdao,266003)
Abstraet This paper makes an electron ultramicroscopic observatio n of the cells in the lymphocystis disease occurring in the cultured lefteyed flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.The results indicate that in the cells of th e cyst there are a large number of typical iridovirus which are of identical mor phology and from 260～270nm in size. Viewed from the angle of an electron micros copic study, this disease of P.olivaceus is defined as a lymphocystis diseas e and the virus as the lymphocystis virus which belongs to Iridoviridae.This pap er also reports the electron ultramicroscopic observation of the major tissues o f the diseased fish.And the lymphocystis virus is discovered in tumors,heart,kid ney,spleen,intestine and gills.
Key words lymphocystis virus; cultured Paralichthys olivaceus ; electron ultramicroscopic observation
研究简报
中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)淋巴组织培养
细胞中一种球形病毒的超微结构研究
国家“863”课题(8190404)和联合国教科文组织项目(UNESCO 861.359.8)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
汪 岷,女,1969年11月出生,博士,讲师。
汪 岷 樊廷俊 姜 明1 王 馗 李红岩 徐怀恕
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，1测试中心, 青岛, 266003)
摘 要 运用电镜技术在中国对虾淋巴组织培养细胞中发现了一种球形病毒。病毒 粒子存在于细胞核和细胞浆内，平均直径80~110nm左右，具有囊膜，核心具有较高的电子密 度。在细胞核及细胞浆内均形成圆形或椭圆形的病毒包涵体。感染病毒的培养细胞出现增长 缓慢或停止生长的现象，部分细胞坏死；电镜下可以观察到一系列细胞病理变化。
关键词 中国对虾；组织培养；球形病毒；超微结构
中图法分类号 S945.1; S852.6+5; R378.1
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)011104
Study on the Ultrastructure of a Sphereovirus in the Cultured Lymphoid Tissues of Shrimp, Penaeus Chinensis
Wang Min Fan Tingjun Jiang Ming1 Wang Kui Li Hongyan Xu Huaishu
(College of Marine Life Sciences,1 Test Center,
Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao,266003)
Abstract A sphereovirus was found in the cultured lymphoid tiss ues of Penaeus chinensis by electron microscopy. The virions with envelope were 80~110nm in diameter. The center of the virions was of high electron densi ty. The virions and its inclusion bodies were observed in both nucleus and cyto plasm. The infected cells grew slowly or did not grow and some of them died. The cytopathological changes were observed using an electron microscope.
Key words Penaeus chinensis; tissue culture; sphereovirus ; ultrastructure
Acknowledgements The authors thank UNESCO for its support of this research under the UNESCO contract No.861.359.8
青 岛 海 洋 大 学 学 报2 0 0 0 年
专题评述
甲壳纲(Crustacea)十足目(Decapoda)动物
消化系统研究进展
校青年基金资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
朱丽岩，女，1965年4月出生，硕士，讲师。
朱丽岩 郑家声 王梅林
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
摘 要 综述国内外甲壳纲十足目动物成体消化道、消 化腺结构以及幼体消化系统发育等方面的研究成果，并对该领域与国外的差距及今后的研究 方向进行了探讨。
关键词 十足目；消化道；消化腺；进展
中图法分类号 Q959.223+⑦；Q48
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)011507
Advances in the Digestive System Research of
Decapod, Crustacea
Zhu Liyan Zheng Jiasheng Wang Meilin
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingda o 266003)
Abstract The sudies on the digestive system structure of Deca pod, Crustacea are reviewed. Three research fields are concerned in this paper: the digestive tract of the adult, the digestive gland Hepatopancreas and the dev elopment of digestive system of the larvae.
Key words Decapod; digestive tract; digestive gland; review
中国对虾类淋巴组织培养中
细胞异常的病理研究国家海洋“863”项目(8190404 )资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000221
郎刚华，女，1969年3月生，硕士，讲师。
郎刚华1 樊廷俊1 姜 明2
(青岛海洋大学1海洋生命学院，2测试中心，青岛 266003)
摘 要 在对养殖中国对虾和海捕中国对虾的类淋巴 器官进行组织培养时，发现迁出的细胞空泡化、细胞内颗粒较多。培养一周后由养殖中国对 虾类淋巴组织迁出的细胞开始大量脱落，而由海捕中国对虾类淋巴组织培养出的细胞可生长 30d左右。对未经培养的类淋巴组织及培养的类淋巴组织进行透射电镜观察，发现在养殖中 国对虾类淋巴组织的细胞中除了有球形病毒及球状和多面体状病毒包涵体外，在细胞质中还 含有大量类立克次氏体样原核生物，而且每个细胞中的类立克次氏体均由一单层膜包在一起 ；在海捕中国对虾类淋巴组织的细胞中也发现有球形病毒及球状病毒包涵体，另外还在少量 细胞中发现有类立克次氏体样原核生物存在。感染病毒的组织细胞呈现空泡化、核膜肿胀破 裂、核质固缩、高尔基体肿胀、线粒体嵴消失等病理变化。感染有类立克次氏体样原核生物 的细胞不同程度地呈现出细胞器消失、核染色质固缩等病理结构。
关键词 中国对虾；类淋巴；组织培养；病毒；类立克次氏体
中图法分类号 S969.3;Q343+6
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)012207
The Pathological Observation of Shrimp
Penaese chinensis Lymphoid Tissues
Showing Abnormal in Tissue Culture
Lang Ganghua1 Fan Tingjun1 Jiang Ming2
(1College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qing dao 266003)
(2 Test Center, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003)
Abstract Tissue culture of farmed and wild shrimp (Penaes e chinensis) was studied. The vacuolization of migrated cells from cultured ti ssue and many granules in them were observed. These attached cells of farmed shr imp gradually came off after 7 days culture. The cells of wild shrimp could be a live for 30 days or so. We examined the lymphoid tissues of shrimp and cultured tissues in vitro with transmission electronic microscope (TEM). Besides a ki nd of spherical virus and two kinds of virus inclusion, a large number of Ricket tsialike organisms were found in the lymphoid tissues of farmed shrimp. While in the lymphoid tissues of wild shrimp, a few spherical viruses, a kind of globa l virus inclusion and Rickettsialike organisms were also found in a few cells. But some cells of wild shrimp infected by the Rickettsialike organisms showed pycnosis. Pathological changes, including vacuolization, nuclear membrane hyper trophy, nuclear chromatin pycnosis, Golgi body swelling, cristae of mitochondria disappearing were observed in cells infected by virus. Those cells infected by Rickettsialike organisms showed organelle disappearing and chromosome pycnosis .
Key words Penaese chinensis; lymphoid tissue; tissue cult ure; virus inclusion; rickettsialike prokaryote organisms
研究简报
真鲷(Pagrosomus major)肠上皮组织中类立克
次体的超微形态与细胞病理学的初步研究
国家自然科学基金课题(39870580)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000302
姜 明，男，1959年2月出生，高级工程师。
姜 明1 范瑞青1 汝少国2 刘 云2 谢嘉琳3 魏渲辉2
(青岛海洋大学1测试中心,2海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
(3中科院海洋研究所，青岛，266071)
摘 要 运用电镜技术对青岛地区患病真鲷进行了病原体检测，在肠上 皮组织细胞中发现一种类立克次体病原体。研究表明，该病原体具有完整的细胞包膜, 内部 具有低电子密度拟核，在胞浆中以两种类型存在繁殖型和静止型；繁殖型类立克次体呈圆 形、椭圆、哑铃、长棒状，其长轴为0.2~0.8μm，形成包涵体，以分裂方式进行增殖；静止 型类立克次体为圆形，中等电子密度，直径为40~70nm，由繁殖型类立克次体出芽增殖形成 ；线粒体参与了包涵体的形成和类立克次体的增殖过程。细胞病理变化为上皮细胞肿胀并部 分解体，微绒毛破坏，线粒体变形，部分内嵴溶解；内质网膨胀，核糖体脱落。类立克次体 是导致鱼类病害的重要病原体。
关键词 真 鲷；类立克次体；超微结构
中图法分类号 S965.3；R36*
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)012906
Preliminary Study on the Ultrastructure and Cell Pathology of
Rickettsialike Organism in Intestine Epithelial Tissue of
Pagrosomus Major
Jiang Ming1 Fan Ruiqing1 Ru Shaoguo2 Liu Yun2 Xie Jialin3 Wei Xuanhui2
(1Test Centre,2College of Marine Life Sciences,
Ocean University of, Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003)
(3Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 26607 1)
Abstract The Rickettsialike organism (RLO) in the enteric epi thelium of the diseased Pagrosomus major ［Temmincket Schlegel］ were observ ed with electron microscopy. The results showed that the RLO with an integrated cell membrane and a nucleoid of low electronic density appeared in the cytoplasm . It had two forms, the Vegetative and the Vesting forms. The Vegetative form ha d the shapes in rotundity, ellipse dumbbell and long stick. The length of the Ve getative form was 0.2~0.8μm. It formed inclosion body in cytoplasm and was repr oduced by cell division. The Vesting form with shape of rotundity had medium ele ctronic density and was 40~70nm in diameter. It was derived from the Vegetative form by budding. The Mitochondria was involved in the formation of inclusion bod y and the proliferations. The cell pathologic changes were epithelial cell swell ing, microvilli destruction, mitochondria deformation, endocrista dissolvation, endoplasmic reticulum expansion and ribosome disattachment. Rickettsialike org anism was an important pathogen which caused the fish disease.
Key words Pagrosomus major; Rickettsialike organism; ultras tructure
许氏平 消化道形态学和组织学的初步研究收稿日期：200001 10；修订日期：20000305
冯晓燕，女，1973年8月出生，硕士生。
冯晓燕 朱丽岩 王梅林 郑家声
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，青岛，266003)
摘 要 许氏平 Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)消化 道短，具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征。 可分为口咽腔、食道、胃、小肠、直肠和肛门。口咽 腔上皮为复层上皮，上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道的管壁可分为四层：粘膜层、粘膜下层 、肌层和浆膜层。其中变化最大的是粘膜层上皮。食道为复层上皮，部分区域具有由单层柱 状上皮细胞构成的突起。胃Y形，粘膜表层为单层柱状上皮，胃贲门部和盲囊部都具有发达 的皱襞和胃腺，胃幽门部无胃腺。小肠上皮为单层柱状上皮，小肠绒毛发达。小肠与直肠连 接处有瓣膜。直肠粗短，其上皮为假复层柱状上皮。
关键词 许氏平 ；消化道；形态学；组织学
中图法分类号 Q13；S965.3
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)013506
A Study of the Morphology and Histology of the Digestive Tract
of the Sebastes schlegeli(Hilgendorf)
Feng Xiaoyan Zhu Liyan Wang Meilin Zheng Jiasheng
(College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingda o, 266003)
Abstract The digestive tract of Sebastes schlegeli(Hilgendor f) is short and it is of typical features of carnivorous fish. It can be divided into oropharyngeal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum and anu s. The oropharyngeal cavity is covered by mutilayered epithelium cells and tas te buds are present in the mucosa. The tract after the pharynx consists of tunic a mucosa, submucosa, lamina muscularis and serosa. The oesophagus bears stratifi ed epithelium and some regions are singlelayered columnar epithelium. The Ys haped stomach shows a singlelayered columnar epithelium. In the cardiac part a nd caecum gastricus, there are welldeveloped plicae, gastric pits and gastric glands, while there are no gastric glands in the pyloric part. The small intesti ne epithelium is composed of columnar cells. There is a valve between the small intestine and the rectum. The mucose of rectum is formed by pseudostratified col umnar epithelium cells.
Key words sebastes schlegeli；digestive tract；morphology ；histology
牙鲆外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构的研究
]欧共体UNESCO(861.359.8)、国家高技术发展863计划课题(81902 06)及国家重点基础研究发展规划873项目(G1999012006)共同资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
刘 云，女，1969年6月出生，讲师。
刘 云 姜 明1 姜国良 张士璀 徐怀恕
(青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院,1测试中心,青岛,266003)
摘 要 实验研究牙鲆外周血细胞显微及亚显微结构 。光镜观察显示，牙鲆外周血中包括六种类型的血细胞：红细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单 核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞，未见嗜碱性粒细胞；淋巴细胞的体积最小，单核细 胞的体积最大；在白细胞中，淋巴细胞数量最多，嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少；此外，还可见到 正在分裂的血栓细胞，说明血栓细胞可在外周血液中经直接分裂产生。电镜研究结果表明， 牙鲆红细胞的细胞质均匀，有少量线粒体和囊泡以及大量的极细颗粒；淋巴细胞核大且中位 、胞质中含较多的游离核糖体，胞体具有短伪足；单核细胞的核偏位且形态不规则，胞质中 有内吞泡和较多的细胞器；颗粒白细胞可根据颗粒的不同形态分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种类型。同 时，对牙鲆血细胞结构与功能的关系进行了较系统的探讨。
关键词 牙鲆；血细胞；显微结构；亚显微结构
中图法分类号 S965·3；R371
文章编号 10011862(2000)02(Ⅱ)014107
The Peripheral Blood Cells of the Bastard Halibut
(Paralichthys olivaceus): a Light and
Electron Microscope Study
Liu Yun Jiang Ming1 Jiang Guoliang Zhang Shicui Xu Huaishu
(College of Marine Life Sciences,1 Center of Analysis,
Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266003)
Abstract The micro and ultrastructure of peripheral blood cells of the Bastard halibut (paralichthys olivaceus Temminck & Schlegel) were st udied. Under the light microscopy, six main types of blood cells can be recogniz ed: erythrocyte, monocyte, thrombocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil. B asophil was not found. Among these cells, lymphocyte is the smallest, while mono cyte is the biggest; Lymphocyte is the most abundant leucocytes and eosinophil i s the least. We also found thrombocyte's direct division, which means it can be formed in the peripheral blood. The transmission electron microscopy showed that erythrocyte cytoplasm is even and only has a few mitochondria,vacuoles and many small black granules. Lymphocyte is characterized by the presence of short pesu dopodia, the big center nucleus and many free ribosomes, while monocyte is c haracterized by eccentric nucleus, vacuoles and many organelle. Two distinctive types of granules leucocytes were also described as typeⅠand typeⅡ. We also di scuss the relationships between blood cells structure and its functions. Key words bastard halibut; blood cell; microstructure; ultrastructure
Acknowledgements The authors thank UNESCO for its support of th is research under the UNESCO contract No.861.359.8
研究简报
石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃的降解作用研究
浙江省自然科学基金课题(4944008)资助
收稿日期：20000110；修订日期：20000305
史君贤，女，1942年出生，研究员。
史君贤 陈忠元 胡锡钢 叶新荣
(国家海洋局第二海洋研究所，杭州，310012)
摘 要 报道使用气相色谱法测定了石油烃降解 细菌对柴油的正烷烃的降解作用。结果表明，石油烃降解细菌对正烷烃有明显的降解作用， 混合菌株的降解率明显高于单菌株的降解率；在20℃的条件下，经过